Type witness
A type witness is a value that represents one of a range of possible types. When implemented as generalised algebraic datatypes (GADTs), type witness can be used to perform dynamic casts.
Types a and b may or may not be the same type. We wish to perform the cast a -> Maybe b, or more generally, p a -> Maybe (p b) for any p, depending on whether a and b are the same type. This can be done with GADTs if we have "witnesses" for the two types:
dynamicCast :: Witness a -> Witness b -> p a -> Maybe (p b)
A simple witness type might be defined over the Int, Bool and Char types like so:
data Witness a where IntWitness :: Witness Int BoolWitness :: Witness Bool CharWitness :: Witness Char dynamicCast IntWitness IntWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast BoolWitness BoolWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast CharWitness CharWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast _ _ _ = Nothing
If we wish to add type constructors such as the list constructor, that can be done by composing type constructors:
data Witness a where IntWitness :: Witness Int BoolWitness :: Witness Bool CharWitness :: Witness Char ListWitness :: Witness a -> Witness [a] data Compose p q a = MkCompose (p (q a)) dynamicCast IntWitness IntWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast BoolWitness BoolWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast CharWitness CharWitness pa = Just pa dynamicCast (ListWitness wa) (ListWitness wb) pla = do MkCompose plb <- dynamicCast wa wb (MkCompose pla) return plb dynamicCast _ _ _ = Nothing
By using more complex composition types in addition to Compose, it is possible for witnesses to allow type constructors of more complex kinds.