11. Platforms, scripts, and file names
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## 11. Platforms, scripts, and file names

GHC is designed both to be built, and to run, on both Unix and Windows. This flexibility gives rise to a good deal of brain-bending detail, which we have tried to collect in this chapter.

### 11.1. Windows platforms: Cygwin, MSYS, and MinGW

The build system is built around Unix-y makefiles. Because it's not native, the Windows situation for building GHC is particularly confusing. This section tries to clarify, and to establish terminology.

#### 11.1.1. MinGW

MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows) is a collection of header files and import libraries that allow one to use gcc and produce native Win32 programs that do not rely on any third-party DLLs. The current set of tools include GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), GNU Binary Utilities (Binutils), GNU debugger (Gdb), GNU make, and a assorted other utilities.

The down-side of MinGW is that the MinGW libraries do not support anything like the full Posix interface.

#### 11.1.2. Cygwin and MSYS

You can't use the MinGW to build GHC, because MinGW doesn't have a shell, or the standard Unix commands such as mv, rm, ls, nor build-system stuff such as make and darcs. For that, there are two choices: Cygwin and MSYS:

- Cygwin comes with compilation tools (gcc, ld and so on), which compile code that has access to all of Posix. The price is that the executables must be dynamically linked with the Cygwin DLL, so that you cannot run a Cywin-compiled program on a machine that doesn't have Cygwin. Worse, Cygwin is a moving target. The name of the main DLL, `cygwin1.dll` does not change, but the implementation certainly does. Even the interfaces to functions it exports seem to change occasionally.

- MSYS is a fork of the Cygwin tree, so they are fundamentally similar. However, MSYS is by design much smaller and simpler. Access to the file system goes through fewer layers, so MSYS is quite a bit faster too.

  Furthermore, MSYS provides no compilation tools; it relies instead on the MinGW tools. These compile binaries that run with no DLL support, on any Win32 system. However, MSYS does come with all the make-system tools, such as make, autoconf, darcs, ssh etc. To get these, you have to download the MsysDTK (Developer Tool Kit) package, as well as the base MSYS package.

  MSYS does have a DLL, but it's only used by MSYS commands (sh, rm, ssh and so on), not by programs compiled under MSYS.

#### 11.1.3. Targeting MinGW

We want GHC to compile programs that work on any Win32 system. Hence:

- GHC does invoke a C compiler, assembler, linker and so on, but we ensure that it only invokes the MinGW tools, not the Cygwin ones. That means that the programs GHC compiles will work on any system, but it also means that the programs GHC compiles do not have access to all of Posix. In particular, they cannot import the (Haskell) Posix library; they have to do their input output using standard Haskell I/O libraries, or native Win32 bindings.

  We will call a GHC that targets MinGW in this way GHC-mingw.

- To make the GHC distribution self-contained, the GHC distribution includes the MinGW gcc, as, ld, and a bunch of input/output libraries.

So GHC targets MinGW, not Cygwin. It is in principle possible to build a version of GHC, GHC-cygwin, that targets Cygwin instead. The up-side of GHC-cygwin is that Haskell programs compiled by GHC-cygwin can import the (Haskell) Posix library. We do not support GHC-cygwin, however; it is beyond our resources.

While GHC targets MinGW, that says nothing about how GHC is built. We use both MSYS and Cygwin as build environments for GHC; both work fine, though MSYS is rather lighter weight.

In your build tree, you build a compiler called ghc-inplace. It uses the gcc that you specify using the `--with-gcc` flag when you run configure (see below). The makefiles are careful to use ghc-inplace (not gcc) to compile any C files, so that it will in turn invoke the correct gcc rather that whatever one happens to be in your path. However, the makefiles do use whatever ld and ar happen to be in your path. This is a bit naughty, but (a) they are only used to glom together .o files into a bigger .o file, or a .a file, so they don't ever get libraries (which would be bogus; they might be the wrong libraries), and (b) Cygwin and MinGW use the same .o file format. So its ok.

#### 11.1.4. File names

Cygwin, MSYS, and the underlying Windows file system all understand file paths of form `c:/tmp/foo`. However:

- MSYS programs understand `/bin`, `/usr/bin`, and map Windows's lettered drives as `/c/tmp/foo` etc. The exact mount table is given in the doc subdirectory of the MSYS distribution.

  When it invokes a command, the MSYS shell sees whether the invoked binary lives in the MSYS `/bin` directory. If so, it just invokes it. If not, it assumes the program is no an MSYS program, and walks over the command-line arguments changing MSYS paths into native-compatible paths. It does this inside sub-arguments and inside quotes. For example, if you invoke

      foogle -B/c/tmp/baz

  the MSYS shell will actually call `foogle` with argument `-Bc:/tmp/baz`.

- Cygwin programs have a more complicated mount table, and map the lettered drives as `/cygdrive/c/tmp/foo`.

  The Cygwin shell does no argument processing when invoking non-Cygwin programs.

#### 11.1.5. Crippled ld

It turns out that on both Cygwin and MSYS, the ld has a limit of 32kbytes on its command line. Especially when using split object files, the make system can emit calls to ld with thousands of files on it. Then you may see something like this:

    (cd Graphics/Rendering/OpenGL/GL/QueryUtils_split && /mingw/bin/ld -r -x -o ../QueryUtils.o *.o)
    /bin/sh: /mingw/bin/ld: Invalid argument

The solution is either to switch off object file splitting (set `SplitObjs` to `NO` in your `build.mk`), or to make the module smaller.

#### 11.1.6. Host System vs Target System

In the source code you'll find various ifdefs looking like:

    #ifdef mingw32_HOST_OS
      ...blah blah...
    #endif

and

    #ifdef mingw32_TARGET_OS
      ...blah blah...
    #endif

These macros are set by the configure script (via the file config.h). Which is which? The criterion is this. In the ifdefs in GHC's source code:

- The "host" system is the one on which GHC itself will be run.

- The "target" system is the one for which the program compiled by GHC will be run.

For a stage-2 compiler, in which GHCi is available, the "host" and "target" systems must be the same. So then it doesn't really matter whether you use the HOST_OS or TARGET_OS cpp macros.

### 11.2. Wrapper scripts

Many programs, including GHC itself and hsc2hs, need to find associated binaries and libraries. For installed programs, the strategy depends on the platform. We'll use GHC itself as an example:

- On Unix, the command ghc is a shell script, generated by adding installation paths to the front of the source file `ghc.sh`, that invokes the real binary, passing "-Bpath" as an argument to tell ghc where to find its supporting files.

- On vanilla Windows, it turns out to be much harder to make reliable script to be run by the native Windows shell cmd (e.g. limits on the length of the command line). So instead we invoke the GHC binary directly, with no -B flag. GHC uses the Windows `getExecDir` function to find where the executable is, and from that figures out where the supporting files are.

(You can find the layout of GHC's supporting files in the section "Layout of installed files" of Section 2 of the GHC user guide.)

Things work differently for in-place execution, where you want to execute a program that has just been built in a build tree. The difference is that the layout of the supporting files is different. In this case, whether on Windows or Unix, we always use a shell script. This works OK on Windows because the script is executed by MSYS or Cygwin, which don't have the shortcomings of the native Windows cmd shell.

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